This article explores the economic nature and essence of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) as a new vector for transforming financial ecosystems in the era of the information economy (data economy). It analyzes the key functions of CBDCs as a means of payment and a modern instrument of monetary policy, considering the ability of digital currencies to combine technological innovation with government guarantees. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the experiences of China (e-CNY) and Russia (digital ruble), with an emphasis on differences in technological architectures, strategic priorities, and implementation rates. The advantages of CBDCs (reduced costs, increased transparency, financial inclusion) and risks (threat to privacy, destabilization of the banking sector, technological vulnerabilities) are considered. Based on a systematic analysis, directions for harmonizing legal regulation, ensuring cybersecurity, and developing international cooperation are identified. It is concluded that CBDCs are not a temporary trend, but a fundamental shift in the nature of money, requiring a balanced approach to implementation and use.
